{"id":23,"date":"2016-03-06T11:23:58","date_gmt":"2016-03-06T11:23:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wannop.myzen.co.uk\/wannop\/?page_id=23"},"modified":"2016-03-08T12:00:00","modified_gmt":"2016-03-08T12:00:00","slug":"wannops-in-a-cumberland-and-northumberland-context","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wannops-in-a-cumberland-and-northumberland-context\/","title":{"rendered":"Wannops in a Cumberland and Northumberland Context"},"content":{"rendered":"

400<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0British kingdom of Strathclyde. Blencow is Celtic name in origin (blaen is Celtic; alsoCumbrian counterpart of Welsh pen , as in Penrith ).
\n410<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0End of Roman rule in Britain, but many Roman soldiers and their families remained onHadrian\u2019s Wall as subsistence farmers.
\n450<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Angles from Schleswig Holstein began to settle in north and east England and\u00a0had probablyseized Durham and Tyneside by 500.
\n500<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0British tribes from the Lothians raiding and fighting deep into Northumberland and Durham,and as far south as Catterick
\n550<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kingdom of Bernicia established, embracing most of Northumberland and south to theHumber.
\n600<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Anglian settlers from the east came to farm the better Cumbrian farmland.
\n685<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0King Ecgfrith of Northumbria granted city of Carlisle to St Cuthbert within circuit of 15 milesaround. Northumbrian expansion ended when King Ecgrith killed fighting King Brudeof Caledonia.
\n866<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Following raids for almost a century previously, the Vikings took over York and began tosettle permanently. However, they took less interest in \u00a0Bernicia until 875 when they raidedbut did not settle there.
\n942<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Following defeat by King Edmund of Northumbria, Cumbria handed to Malcolm, King ofScots.
\n1000<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 During first millenium, low lying Cumbrian lands including Carlisle plain favoured byRomans, by native Britons in the post-Roman period and by Anglians who displaced Britishrulers in 7th and 8th Centuries.Hills and uplands were extensively settled only in 10th Century by a new wave ofScandinavian settlers, mostly Norwegians from Ireland, Scotland and the Western Isles, butalso Danes from Yorkshire and Britons from Strathclyde. So by the end of the 10th Century,the population of Cumberland\u00a0 was widespread.
\n1032<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 King Knut (Canute) exchanged Lothian for Cumbria.
\n1055<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Edward the Confessor, the Anglo-Saxon king, made Tostig the Earl of\u00a0Northumbria, buthe failed to control his earldom.
\n1056<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chapel of wattle built at Triermain in Gilsland some time between 1056 and 1071, being adependency from the first parish church at Walton.
\n1080<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 North East of England at last became loyal to the King.
\n1092<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 William Rufus drove out Northumbrian influence from Cumberland, absorbing it intoNorman England. Subsequent creation of Baronies of Liddell, Levington, Gilsland andBurgh on the Border, and also of Greystoke. This helped protect the approaches fromScotland in Henry II\u2019s settlement of Cumberland.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\u00a0 says that after returning to London, William\u00a0 Rufus sent manycountry folk to Carlisle, with wives and cattle, to settle and cultivate. At the same time, anumber of Flemish settlers were established on the waste lands of Cumberland.
\n1100\u2019s\u00a0 There was a struggle between the native Anglo-Saxons as the Normans encroachedinto Northern England in the 12th century, but not trying\u00a0to take land in Northumberland,Cumberland and even Scotland\u00a0until 1110.\u00a0The creation of a Norman landholding class wasprimarily the work of Henry I\u00a0\u00a0after 1106. The native lord Gile who held Gilsland, held outagainst the Norman\u00a0\u00a0incursion. Indeed, the period 1110-1135 saw a resurgence of thenatives, when\u00a0\u00a0the king showed favour for the northern Anglo-Saxons. Prior Athelwold – thefirst Bishop of Carlisle – came from the East Riding.\u00a0\u00a0Others from Yorkshire were givenlands in Cumberland, including Greystoke.A\u00a0chain of motte and bailey castles was built along Tynedale and Redesdale to protect theEnglish border. The North of England was primarily stock-rearing with transhumance tosummer sheilings. Extensive colonisation caused notable\u00a0 growth of wealth in the 1200\u2019s inthe \u00a0North.No surviving list of inhabitants of Carlisle in the 1100\u2019s, but eighty people identifiable asoriginating there and most names are French or biblical \u00a0rather than Old English,Scandinavian or Celtic.
\n1106<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wetheral priory founded by Ranulf le Meschin, being conveyed to the Abbot of St. Mary\u2019s,York, as a Benedictine cell of the Abbey.\u00a0 There was an \u00a0apparently considerable numberof \u00a0recruits to St.Mary\u2019s Abbey\u00a0 in the first hundred \u00a0years following its \u00a0foundation in 1088,allowing the Abbey to send monks to set up cells of between\u00a0one and ten monks inCumbria, Lincolnshire and Suffolk.
\n1120<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The first Norman lord of Cumberland granted tithes from his demesnes in Appleby, Mauld\u2019sMeaburn and Great Salkeld to St. Mary\u2019s Abbey at York.Monastery at Wetheral was a cell of St Mary\u2019s Abbey at York, reflecting\u00a0close linksdeveloping between Cumberland and York.Gille, son of Buet, was the first Lord of Gilsland, with no evidence that he ever had tofight for his lands.
\n1133<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foundation of St Kentigern\u2019s Church, Irthington
\n1135<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Carlisle occupied by the Scots, and no evidence that there was local\u00a0resistance in a periodwhen lordships held precedence rather than nationhood.Substantial migration from England to Scotland in this period, and\u00a0considerably fromYorkshire.
\n1149<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Links between Carlisle and York clearly established. Property in Carlisle \u00a0held by religioushouses in York.
\n1150<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mill at Corby.
\n1157<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Henry II recovered Carlisle for England. Settlement subsequently expanded innorthern England, population grew and the region prospered.Barony of Gilsland granted to Hubert de Vaux.
\n1166<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lanercost Abbey founded.
\n1178-79<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 \u2018County\u2019 of Cumberland first appears.
\n1180<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Archdeacon of Carlisle also canon of St Peter\u2019s at York. The canons of the Bishop\u2019schapter at Carlisle had properties and lands at High and Low Crosby.
\n1200\u2019s Scottish kings held court at Wark in Northumberland when it was part of Scotland.
\n1204<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bernard of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik) appointed Bishop of Carlisle. Appointments ofCarlisle bishops apparently made from York.
\n1207<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thomas de Multon, Lord of Gilsland, during reign of Henry II.
\n1222<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Penrith granted a market and fair.
\n1237<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Treaty of York settles Anglo-Scottish border and made Carlisle an indisputably Englishcommunity with a firm identity.
\n1279<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Emma of Waynhoppe\u00a0beheaded for theft at Wark in Northumberland.
\n1292<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Carlisle destroyed by fire.
\n1296<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beginning of Scottish wars; Carlisle destroyed by fire for third time in the 13th\u00a0 Century.Irthington a source of coal for Carlisle.
\n1297<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cumberland invaded by William Wallace.
\n1300\u2019s<\/strong><\/span> Brampton had achieved grant for a market and fairs. There was a felt-making mill in theIrthing Valley area in this century, being one of many associated with Cumberland\u2019s roleas\u00a0one of England\u2019s major\u00a0 wool\u00a0 producing regions. But wool from Cumberland,Westmoreland and Northumberland was considered to be of low quality, fetching smallerprice than from counties of Midlands and Yorkshire. Nonetheless, exports to Europe.Migrants to Carlisle prior to 1300 had come from all over Cumberland and northernEngland. Nearby places like Warwick and Wetheral also contributed to\u00a0 Carlisle\u2019s growth.
\n1307<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Death of Edward II began\u00a0 the great period of border raids. \u00a0Cumberland andNorthumberland became a war zone between Scots and English, abruptly endingcolonisation from early 1300\u2019s to the early 1800\u2019s.
\n1311<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Robert the Bruce \u2018burnt all the land of the Lord of Gillesland\u2019. Inhabitants of Irthington andother parts may have been forced into subjection\u00a0 to the Scots.
\n1314<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 After English defeat at Bannockburn, the English borders were defenceless and victoriousScots poured into and devastated northern Cumbria and Northumberland, ravagingTynedaleRobert the Bruce came again but was bought off with money.
\n1315<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High Crosby raided by Scots.
\n1315-22<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Sustained economic decline in the North in 1300\u2019s and 1400\u2019s, particularly after harvestfailures and famine in 1315 \u2013 1317 and then livestock plagues in years 1315-\u00a022.
\n1317<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dacres gained Gilsland by marriage.
\n1318<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Abbott of St Mary\u2019s, York, asked to sell surpluses of his tithes of grain fromWestmoreland to keeper of the king\u2019s victuals at Carlisle.
\n1319<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scots raided again, devastating north-west England and burning Gilsland and carrying offinhabitants.\u2018The best and richest of the country about Gillesland and Lidell\u2019 reported as havingchanged sides and allied themselves to Scots,\u00a0following Scots invasion\u00a0 and theirabandonment by the English king. Protection extended by Scots to men of Gilsland andLiddel.
\n1322<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Widespread devastation by Scots including Skelton, Greystoke and\u00a0Blencow.
\n1328<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Treaty of Edinburgh concedes Scottish independence.
\n1333<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Particularly savage burning and ravaging of Gilsland by Scots led by Archibald\u00a0 Douglas.
\n1334<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Naworth became main seat of the Dacres for next two centuries; an impregnable castle.
\n1337<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lord of Gilsland raided and burned into Scotland with counter attacks\u00a0on his\u00a0 lands.
\n1341<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inquisitiones Nonarum\u00a0 blames county\u2019s impoverishment at this time upon many menhaving become horsemen and archers in wars against the Scots, and also \u00a0extensivedisease of murrain affecting sheep in all parts of the county except in Crosby and Stanwixparishes.
\n1345<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Great Scots raid on Gilsland and the Eden Valley, with burning of Penrith, Blencow,Greystoke and Skelton.
\n1346<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lanercost Priory ransacked by Scots.
\n1349<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 First outbreak of Black Death, which killed at least a third of Carlisle\u2019s\u00a0people by 1352.
\n1350<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Production\u00a0 of wool goods concentrated in southern Cumbria around\u00a0 Kendal andsubsequently ceased to be an extensive cottage industry in northern Cumbria.
\n1352<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Income from demesne land at High Crosby remained low because \u2018 it \u00a0could not bedemised better after the pestilence\u2019.
\n1361-62<\/strong><\/span> Second major outbreak of the Black Death, whose worst effects may have\u00a0been limitedto the Carlisle area and the Eden Valley.
\n1369<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plague revisited Cumbria.
\n1377<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Poll Tax return records 678 names of over-14 year olds living in suburbs as well as insideCarlisle city walls.Ropes made at Naworth.
\n1379<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Almost entire population of Newton in Northumberland killed by the\u00a0Black Death, whichhad reached Durham in 1349.
\n1388<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cumberland and Westmoreland devastated by Scots. Destruction at Irthington and at othersettlements.
\n1391<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1500 houses and buildings comprising much of Carlisle destroyed by fire.
\n1402<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scottish invasion of Cumberland.
\n1413-15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Western marches reinforced with extra men-at-arms and archers.
\n1420<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scots raiding and taking prisoners near Carlisle.\u00a0 All priories, benefices and monasteriesin Cumberland, Westmoreland, Northumberland and Coupland exempted fromrequirement to pay\u00a0taxes\u00a0 because of costs following Scottish depradations and threeyears of pestilence. Exemption continued for rest of the century.Waynhop, Thoma\u00a0 \u2018empcio Equorum. Et In 5 Jumentis Empt. De homa\u00a0 Waynhop,Prec. 76s. 8d. \u2018\u00a0\u00a0Durham Account Rolls
\n1436-37<\/strong><\/span> Border wars.
\n1438<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tenements at Corby said to have been seriously reduced in value\u00a0for lack of tenantsconsequent upon heavy deaths from pestilence.
\n1448-49<\/strong><\/span> Border wars.
\n1450-60<\/strong><\/span> Percy-Neville feud, a cause of the Wars of the Roses. The Nevilles ascendant in theNorth West since reign of Richard II.
\n1457<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reign of Henry VII one of comparative peace and fair prosperity,\u00a0encouraging 1509men from Kendal, Cockermouth, Penrith, York and elsewhere in the North to go toCarlisle.
\n1461<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unsuccessful siege of Carlisle by Anglo-Scots forces raised by Queen\u00a0 Margaret,\u00a0 wife ofHenry IV, who with her husband had fled\u00a0to Scotland after the Lancastrians defeated bythe Yorkists at Battle of Towton.
\n1462<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dacre stronghold of Naworth held out against Yorkists until 1462, when Humphreysurrendered his lands to Edward, having failed in\u00a0his campaigns on behalf of theLancastrians.
\n1473<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Humphrey, who had switched from the Lancastrian to\u00a0 the Yorkist cause, had his mannersrestored i.e. Irthington, Burgh-by-Sands,\u00a0Lazonby, Dacre and Barton in\u00a0 Cumberland andWestmoreland.
\nLater 1400\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Reversal of economic decline in the North.Wetheral and Corby the source of numerous litigants at Carlisle, with whom connectionsmade them almost part of the city.
\n1480-82<\/strong><\/span> Border warsBewcastle refortified and Bishop of Carlisle made his fortress at Linstock\u00a0 over\u00a0 to histenants for the safe-keeping of their persons and property.
\n1485<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Death of Humphrey, Lord Dacre.Relatively high proportion of freeholds in this part of England, with security of succession.Common way of holding land was by tenant-\u00a0right, normally with\u00a0 hereditary succession,a military obligation on part of tenants and with dues\u00a0 based on numbers of horned cattle;in Cumberland this service was probably only in defence of the\u00a0home district.
\n1486<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thomas, Lord Dacre, appointed Deputy Warden of the West MarchDomp. Rob. Wanhope\u00a0admitted to Corpus Christi Guild, York.
\n1487<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alexander Waynhop Rector of Newbigginge and Chaplain to Thomas Aglionby of Nunnery.
\n1495<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sir Richard Salkeld the lord of Corby appointed captain of the city and castle of Carlisle.
\n1496<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 William Senhouse who was from a Cumbrian gentry family became\u00a0Bishop of Carlisle from1496 to 1502, retaining his position as Abbot of St. Mary\u2019s, York.
\n1502<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Robert Wanhope\u00a0succeeds William Senhouse as Abbot of St. Mary\u2019s , York (St. Mary\u2019s,Holy Trinity and St. Clement\u2019s were Benedictine\u00a0 monasteries)
\n1500\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Considerable population growth in this and the following century – by circa 46% or13,000-14,000 in the rural deaneries of the Carlisle\u00a0bishopric.\u00a0 Open fields reached theirgreatest extent and height of importance in Cumberland and persisted in Gilsland, inrespects\u00a0similar to run-rig cultivation. North-east Cumberland unimportant for arablefarming in the 16th. Century, when the extensive wastes and \u00a0mosslands were used forseasonal grazing by migrant stock in a\u00a0predominantly pastoral economy. There was anabsence of a wealthy yeoman farmer class comparable to that buying up land in theEnglish Midlands at this period. Most Cumbrian farmers were impoverished. In Haytonthe open fields were very large and 1,108 acres were shared between the settlements ofHeads Nook,\u00a0Fenton, Faugh and How.
\n1502<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Treaty of peace with Scotland.Dacre took possession of the Greystoke lands.Roger Laybourne succeeded William Senhouse as Bishop of\u00a0Carlisle until his\u00a0\u00a0death in1507.Eccclesiastical ties between Carlisle and York continued to parallel the economic ones.
\n1513<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scots defeated at Flodden. Tynedale reivers plunder returning English forces.
\n1522<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Probable harvest failure and associated \u2018great death\u2019 as in Durham.
\n1523<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Riders from Tynedale and Redesdale attack Scottish Middle March.
\n1525<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Death of Thomas, Lord Dacre, Warden of the West March
\n1527<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 William Lord Dacre appointed Warden of the Western March; riots between his followersand those of the Earl of Cumberland.John Blennerhasset was Lord Dacre\u2019s tenant of the manor house\u00a0at Irthington.
\n1528<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dacre tenants accused of stealing corn and harrassing the King\u2019s tenants on the Carlisleestates, allegedly with support of Lord Dacre. Lord Dacre pleaded that he could notgovern the Marches if obstructed by Carlisle, whereupon he was awarded itsgovernorship in 1539.
\n1532-34<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 War with Scotland in which Dacres heavily involved. At end of the war,\u00a0 ChristopherDacre arrested by the King following the replacement at Henry VIII\u2019s court of the Dacres\u2019supporter, Cardinal \u00a0Wolsey, by Thomas Cromwell. The Dacres had administeredWolsey\u2019s northern estates. But Dacre acquitted.
\n1534<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acquitted of treason, Dacre was displaced as Warden of the Western\u00a0March by the Earlof Cumberland.Dacre\u2019s Gilsland tenants hindered soldiers from Carlisle garrison in capturing AnthonyArmstrong, a suspected March traitor, accused of selling horses to the Scots.Muster roll of citizens allows estimate of Carlisle\u2019s population as 1700.
\n1535<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dacre given licence\u00a0 to retrieve what he could of property stolen from him by Whartonmen and taken to Clifford lands. Rioting by\u00a0Dacre men in the processEarl of Cumberland attempted to take action against criminals in Gilsland.Dispute at Langrigg over tithes, which had been leased to local husbandmen bySt. Mary\u2019s, York, which derived large tithe incomes from Cumbria.Harvest failures in 1535 and 1536
\n1535-66<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Of immigrants to York in the period 1535-66, many more came from the poorer landsto the north-west than from other directions,\u00a0including 33 from Cumbria where the soilwas poor and the population large. Kendal cloth found its way down to York, and itwould not be surprising if Cumbrians wishing to become apprenticed should take thesame route.\u00a0 York had a close connection\u00a0 with Cumbria through trade in Kendal cloth,and this was no short-term phenomenon of the 16th. century.
\n1536<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 William, Lord Dacre, ordered a reform of his estate\u2019s policy.\u00a0 However, the Dacres retainedvestiges of feudalism to maintain\u00a0 tenants\u2019 loyalty and an\u00a0 effective military force thereby.Dacre tenantry had a reputation for military strength.
\n1536-37<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span> Pilgrimage of Grace. Rising in the North with motives including\u00a0resistance to\u00a0 religiouschange and the dissolution of the monasteries, but also following sharp rise in grainprices in 1534-35; the consecutive bad harvests in 1535 and 1536 caused considerableprice inflation. Resentment at extortionate fines charged by landlords at changes oftenancy was largest of the economic complaints behind Cumbria\u2019s contribution to thePilgrimage of Grace.Punitive action by King Henry VIII, with 66 of the \u2018commons\u2019 hung in various villages inCumberland and Westmoreland.Having escaped the charge of treason three years before, Dacre played an uncommittedpart throughout the Pligrimage of Grace. Initially taking a defensive position at Naworth,he subsequently went apparently to Yorkshire. His departure signalled\u00a0 that he wouldnot\u00a0 frown upon his tenants participating in the Pilgrimage, while giving them no directencouragement.Over a third of the region\u2019s population of 70,000 may have been active rebels. Greystokejoined the rebellion on 23 October; William Buntyng subsequently executed. The twotownships of the Irthing Valley to join were Gilsland and\u00a0 Lanercost Priory, but none fromthere executed.
\n1537<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Council of North\u00a0 established under William Senhouse ( Sever), Abbott of St. Mary\u2019s andBishop of Carlisle. St Mary\u2019s connected to\u00a0Linstock when the Bishop of Carlisle apparentlyowned and administered the estate.Serious plague ravaged north of England in years following 1537,\u00a0including Carlisle andCumbria
\n1538<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tenants at Holm Coultram in three classes: men holding 15 to 20\u00a0acres liable to\u00a0be calledto go to war armed and mounted; demys holding 10 to 12 acres, were \u00a0not expected to beso well mounted; footmen, holding 2 to 6 acres, were\u00a0expected to be armed only withbows or spears.
\n1539<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wetheral and Lanercost priories closed.
\n1542<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defeat of Scots by Sir Thomas Wharton at Battle of Solway Moss, after which prisonersbrought to Carlisle.
\n1543<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dissolution of Lanercost Abbey, when as part of the barony of Gilsland the manor ofWalton was granted to Thomas Dacre, who declined Wharton\u2019s proposition that he shouldyield Gilsland and Naworth to the King, although in 1552 he agreed to exchange somelands at Bewcastle\u00a0 for others at Papcastle.
\n1549<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inability of Wharton to cooperate with other border figures led to his \u00a0replacement by Dacreas Warden of the Marches. Tynedale and Redesdale notorious for thieving.
\n1552<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scots Dyke built across the Debateable Land.
\n1554<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plague in Penrith, although not as severe as that forty years later.
\n1558<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 End of legalised Catholicism in England.
\n1559<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Failure to negotiate peace with Scots.
\n1560<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Treaty of Edinburgh ended the \u2018Auld Alliance\u2019 of Scotland and\u00a0France and withdrawal ofFrench troops from Scotland. The Scottish Protestant revolution saw England andScotland become religious\u00a0allies.
\n1561<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mary Stuart crowned Queen of Scots.Dacres now losing their authority and being opposed by effective rivals.
\n1563<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cumberland\u2019s population possibly 45,000\u00a0 Irthington estimated to have 33 to 37inhabitants per sq. mile, or up to twice as densely settled as Greystoke parish.\u00a0 Populationof Carlisle about 1800, but only 140 households in Penrith. Cumberland and other northerncounties exempt from a statute against\u00a0 middlemen in markets, because the region wasdeficient in grain production and required corn dealers to provision it from supply citiessuch as York.Lord William Howard born.\u00a0\u00a0 Soon after, following the death of his mother, his fathermarried the widow of Thomas, Lord Dacre of Gilsland.
\n1564<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Catholicism stubbornly surviving in the North, with mass openly celebrated in someCumberland and Westmoreland churches.
\n1568<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mary Queen of Scots landed from exile at Workington; seized by Elizabeth and\u00a0 confinedto Carlisle Castle.Plagues from 1568 to 1570.
\n1569<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beginnings of land enclosure in Cumberland in second half of 16th.Century. Firstenclosures initiated by Steward of Westward Forest.Only in this\u00a0period did small landowners in Cumberland\u00a0find capital to rebuild theirfarmsteads, although in\u00a0the Midlands and in southern England rebuilding in stone hadbeen possible for\u00a0a century before.Rising of the Northern Earls, marching south to Yorkshire in support of Mary beforecollapse of the enterprise. The Earls sought shelter at Naworth,\u00a0 but were driven away byLeonard, the putative Lord Dacre. Many executions\u00a0 followed. However, Leonard wassuspected of having his own ambitions to restore Mary and the Catholic Supremacy. TheCouncil of the North sent the Warden of the West\u00a0 March, Lord Scrope, to Carlisle to arresthim. Hundreds hanged in Tynedale, Redesdale and elsewhere. Much \u00a0plundering andconfiscation of land.
\n1570<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leonard had force of 3000 Gilsland men(and women) and Scots borderers at Naworth, withfurther 1500 or so of Scots and English sympathisers on their way to join him in arebellion.Leonard\u00a0foolishly left his impregnable castle to attack a lesser force of the Warden of theMiddle March at the High Gelt Bridge, a\u00a0mile SW of Brampton. Leonard\u2019s men werecomprehensively beaten and he fled to Scotland, before going into exile in Flanders, hisproperty being seized by the Crown and attained while any Dacre male lived.
\n1572<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Parishes in England became responsible for collecting money to relieve their poor.Blencow Grammar School endowed by Thomas Burbank.
\nLate 1500\u2019s\u00a0 Tynedale a nest of reivers and a target for Scottish raids. However, Cumbrian ridersinflicted more damage on Scotland than their lands suffered in return. Tynedale andRedesdale men collaborated with those from Liddelsdale in raiding.
\n1580<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Naworth Castle had become considerably dilapidated.At the Cumberland muster of 1581:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thomas Wanopp of Wetheral had a spear and cap\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Peter Wanope of Mickle Corby had a lance\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Christopher Wanope of Mickle Corby had a jack, spear and steel cap\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thomas Wanopp of Irthington Parish had a spear
\n1583<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kinmont Willie raided the Milburns in Tynedale, attacking eight villages,\u00a0stealing 800 cattle,killing six men and carrying off 30 prisoners.
\n1584<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kinmont Willie raided again in Tynedale with 300 riders, stealing 1300 cattle and 60 horses,killing ten men and burning 60\u00a0houses.
\n1587-88<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Probable peak of famine and mortality in Cumbria following bad harvest.
\n1588<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Spanish Armada.
\n1589<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The crown occupied the Dacre baronies, following its earlier\u00a0acquisition\u00a0 of Bewcastle andmonastic estates. The royal tenure of Gilsland contributed to the decay of the West March.Camden described Brampton as a \u2018little market town\u2019 possessing 14 shops.
\n1592-94<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Catholics harried in the North, when justices of the peace made a general search allover Yorkshire, Richmondshire, Cleveland and the Bishopric of Durham andNorthumberland.
\n1593<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scrope became Warden of the West March and had numerous stewards, bailiffs andkeepers of castles in Bewcastle and the former Dacre baronies of Burgh and Gilsland,operating largely\u00a0free of Scrope\u2019s interference. Thomas\u00a0 Musgrave, the constable atBewcastle and his bailiff Thomas Routledge of Crookburn, were amongst the mostnotorious reivers in the lordship.Biggest raid of all on Tynedale; Kinmont Willie and 1000 men carried off 2000 beasts.
\n1595<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 At muster of Castle and Morpeth Wards in Middle Marches, at\u00a0Prestwicke inNorthumberland,\u00a0John\u00a0Wanhopp\u00a0and four others were recorded as\u00a0\u2018defective\u2019.
\n1596<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foray by Wat of Harden into Gilsland, taking 300 cattle and 20 horses, and burning 20houses. Scots raiding frequently into Tynedale.
\n1597<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Terrible plague hit Carlisle. Peak of amine and mortality following bad harvest, withCumberland being amongst the upland regions of England in which harvest failure in the1590\u2019s was associated with\u00a0deaths over a wide age-range.The leading Cumberland gentry attributed the decline of the Borders in large\u00a0 measure tothe stealing of the clansmen of Bewcastle and Gilsland.Christopher Blennerhasset was bailiff of the Irthington Manor in this year, responsible underthe Land Serjeant\u00a0 who supervised\u00a0the barony which remained attained by the Crown.Reprisals by Tynedale men against the Scots.
\n1596-98<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Severe plague in Gilsland, accompanied by famine. Death from plague of 583St.Andrew\u2019s parishioners\u00a0 amongst\u00a0\u00a0Penrith\u2019s population of 2,000 and a further 1,700 inoutlying parishes of the\u00a0 district died\u00a0from the plague at this time. Despite the plague,Lakeland\u00a0population tended to grow during the Tudor period.
\n1598<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Death of Thomas Carleton, land sergeant of barony of Gilsland.
\n1600<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scottish marauders spoiled, robbed and burned throughout Cumberland. On\u00a0September15, the Graemes robbed at Newby, Holm Ends, Hayton, Wetheral and Corby, attacking andattempting to displace Gilsland tenants.Tenant right by custom remained prevalent form of tenure, whereby a tenant passed his orher right of occupation on to their eldest child but was obliged to pay tithes and rents.Increasing pressure from the mid 1500\u2019s for tenants to switch to leasehold, but they couldmore readily resist for as long as obliged to bear arms\u00a0 under their tenancy. When theScottish threat to the border areas dissolved after 1606, the\u00a0 landlords could more readilypress leasehold on tenants, as Howard of\u00a0Naworth came to do in 1610.Yeomen were technically men who held land to the value of two pounds a year (\u201840 shillingfreeholders\u2019), which gave them political rights and a vote in parliamentary elections. Butthe term was applied to a wider range of people, tending to relate to size of holding. It wasusually\u00a0 yeomen who held office as churchwardens,\u00a0overseers of the poor and quartersessions jurymen.Tynedale and Redesdale reputed to be particularly irreligious.
\n1600\u2019s Open fields declined as enclosures broke them up. Primogeniture\u00a0introduced amongstCumberland freeholders in 16th century.Population of \u00a0the rural\u00a0deaneries of Carlisle bishopric rose from circa 30,000 in 1563 tocirca 45,000 in 1688. The land was able to support a growing population, without anyapparent fall in living standards.
\n1601-1618<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Various\u00a0 entries in Carlisle City Court Books refering to debts to\u00a0John Wannop,yeoman of Newby.
\n1601<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Poor Law Act established that parishes should tax property to support poor and\u00a0sick.Reluctantly, Queen Elizabeth at last agreed that Lord William Howard should\u00a0 takepossession of\u00a0 the Dacre patrimony of Gilsland. Howard\u00a0 was not welcome in Cumberland,however, so he built up a small following outside the main gentry groupings to counter theloyalty of the Gilsland tenants to the Dacre name.The surname leaders acceded to Scrope\u2019s demand to make themselves answerable to himfor their tenants and dependants, and they submitted 442 names accordingly. TheGrahams had established near Longtown after their expulsion from Scotland becauseof their reiving and notorious\u00a0behaviour. The Cumberland alliance was dissatisfied with thesurname leaders\u2019\u00a0notification of the 442 names, because they wished to replace\u00a0 theGrahams with dependable farmers. The Grahams fought back, continuing to murdertenants outside their own bounds.
\n1603<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2018Busy Week\u2019 marauding following the death of Elizabeth I on 24\u00a0 March saw pillaging fromthe western Borders into the West March,\u00a0as far south as Penrith. Final severe assault bythe Grahams. Buccleuch made a raid \u2018 of bloodshed and ruthless rapine\u2019 in Tynedale.Transition from the Tudors to the Stuarts had immediate effect on the West March.
\n1604<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Howard\u2019s repossession of Gilsland restored strong\u00a0aristocratic management to the landssouth of the Lyne which was lacking during Scrope\u2019s wardenship. Eager to\u00a0protect histenantry and to achieve the full potential of revenues from his estates, Lord WilliamHoward undertook survey of the manors in his Barony of\u00a0Gilsland.\u00a0 Each manor had aseparate bailiff. Vast majority of tenants still held tenure through tenant-right. Manorialcourts held at Brampton. Vast majority of tenancies held by tenant-right, despiteHoward\u2019s attempts to end it.A remarkable feature was great extent of common land, there being 44% in Gilsland as awhole, excluding Irthington; there was 68% in Hayton and Castle Carrock together. Thissuggests tenants mainly pastoral rather than agricultural, though there was fertile land inHayton, Walton, Irthington, Brampton and Nether Denton. A good deal of open fieldcultivation in Castle Carrock, Cumrew and\u00a0Hayton. Tenants of open fields and enclosedholdings were often blood relations. No Wannop tenants are listed in the Survey, perhapsbecause \u2013 uniquely – the Irthington manor was excluded from the Survey Book, apparentlybecause still in charge of the Crown.Open fields reached their maximum extent about 1600, but probably less than 50% in theWalton and Corby area. Not subject to periodic allocation, the strips (\u2018rigs\u2019) were cultivatedby individuals and not\u00a0groups. In Hayton,\u00a0the strips were sown in grain year after year,without fallow spells. Unenclosed commons and waste land was used for grazings.Pacification of the Borders followed accession of James VI of Scotland and I of the Unionof England and Scotland. Main effort of disarming the Marches in the first four years,with forced evacuation of riding families \u2013 particularly the Grahams. A Border Commissionof 5 Scots and 5 English was\u00a0appointed in 1605 to ensure what became a barbaroussuppression of past miscreants and creation of a new order. In this period it\u00a0became safeto hold Border land, and there were rich pickings for new gentry by dispossession fromprevious holdings.
\n1604<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inventory for possessions of late\u00a0Christopher Wannop of Langthwaite\u00a0\u00a0(In Carlisle RecordOffice)
\n1606<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Union of the Crowns: accession of James VI of Scotland and I of\u00a0England.Chief source of trouble in north Cumberland after 1606 was Bewcastle, where ThomasMusgrave, the constable, continued to support the Grahams and the thieves. Firm controlof Gilsland and Nichol Forest isolated Bewcastle in continuing criminality. Tynedalesuffered punitive action by the Border Commission, which also arranged to\u00a0transport theGrahams. Their removal cleared the way for Cumbrians to take Graham lands.Horses relatively numerous because of need in Border defence.
\n1610<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lord William Howard was first landlord to pursue leasehold comprehensively by adocument dated 4 October 1610. Most but not all tenants agreed to give up tenant-right,and the leaders of an uprising at Gelt Brigg in 1611 were imprisoned in the Fleet Prison.
\n1611<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2018Rule of violence\u2019 ceased with last of traditional Border raids, but last of cavalrymen notwithdrawn until 1621 when the Borders were judged to be quiet enough.
\n1612<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0John Waynop\u00a0was\u00a0\u2018bayly at Nuby.\u2019\u00a0Bailiffs were appointed by landlords to carry out estateduties including rent collection. Revenues to Howard reached \u00a3213 (by 1633 they hadreached \u00a31100; the\u00a0Howards had properties also in Northumberland and Yorkshire).
\n1621<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Last of cavalrymen withdrawn when the Borders judged to be quiet enough.
\n1623<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Likely peak of famine and mortality in Cumbria following bad harvest.
\n1624<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0John Waynop\u00a0paid for\u00a0\u2018looking to the corn at Nuby\u2019.
\n1626<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0—\u00a0 Wannop of Corby\u00a0married Jenneta (Hayton parish)
\n1628<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thomas Wannop\u00a0married Janeta Graeme (Hayton parish)William Wannope\u00a0paying rent for \u2018his right of a tenement at Longthwate\u2019.
\n1634<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Christopherus\u00a0 Wannopp of Newby\u00a0married\u00a0 Isabella Graeme (Hayton parish)
\n1641<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Christopher Wannop of Newlands, Carleton, CarlisleThomas Wannop of Fishergate, CarlisleChristopher Wannopp of HaytonJohn Wanoppe of NewbyTho Wannoppe of Newby( All five Wannops above from Protestation Returns, but none recorded as\u00a0recusants)
\n1642<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Civil war brought poverty despite absence of fighting in the Lake District
\n1645<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0John Wannop, senior, of Newby\u00a0(Carlisle City Court Books).
\n1646<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Charles Howard (born 1628) converted from the papacy\u00a0\u00a0to the\u00a0Church of England in April1646, having been brought up at Naworth by his great-uncle Robert, who was aBenedictine monk.
\n1647<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Christopher Wannopp of Little Corby\u00a0buried\u00a0 (Hayton parish)
\n1648<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 John Waynopp, \u2018bayliffe at Irdington Manor\u2019,\u00a0and also at\u00a0Newby, Crosby and Weobie.Payment to\u00a0John Waynopp\u00a0for fees relating to suit against Laversdale tenants.Cromwell and troops arrived at Naworth in November, before moving off apparently prior toChristmas.
\n1649<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Christopher Waynopp paying rent for Brigwood foote, Brampton Manor.Christ. Waynopp\u00a0paid for oats delivered to Rob. Trewman.Thomas Waynopp\u00a0paying\u00a0\u2018Composican fine of a tenement called the Cott at Newby\u2019
\n1650<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0John Waynopp, \u2018bayliffe\u2019
\n1652<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 John\u00a0 Waynopp, \u2018bayliffe at Newbie, Crosby and Weobie\u2019
\n1653<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0George Fox preached Quaker message across Cumberland and was gaoled at Carlisle.
\n1656<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Christopher Wannop of Holme End
\n1658<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0John Waynopp\u00a0paying fines at Newby (note:\u00a0 fines were paid by copyholders\u00a0 at the deathof a lord or of a tenant , or at an exchange of tenants)
\n1660<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quakers unpopular and persecuted after 1660. There were circa 300-350 Quaker familiesin Cumberland in the mid18th\u00a0century.
\n1664<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0John Wannop, senior,\u00a0recorded as a Quaker\u00a0 refusing to take an oath\u00a0as\u00a0churchwarden atSt Kentigern\u2019s, IrthingtonChristopher Wannop of Holme Ends\u00a0fined for not making up his portion of the\u00a0 churchyardhedge at Crosby-on-Eden.Hearth Tax paid by\u00a0Cutbt. Wanhop\u00a0(? uncertain about interpretation) of\u00a0 Kirkoswald andThomas Wannup sen.\u00a0(? uncertain about senior) of Warwick. (note: no Hearth Tax returnsfor Irthington)
\n1667<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Horse and cattle thieves who had been robbing in Tynedale also broke into the house ofChristopher Wannope\u00a0of the Holm in Cumberland. Although\u00a0William Oglethorpe\u00a0of theCumbrian gentry was not present at the break-in, the thieves were apparently abetted by him.John Bell\u00a0of the three accused was sentenced to death but reprieved.
\n1669<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Margreta, wife of\u00a0Christopher Wannopp of Holm Ends\u00a0buried (Crosby\u00a0parish)
\n1674<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0John Wannopp of Newby.\u00a0Old churchwarden.John Wannopp of Newby.\u00a0New churchwarden.
\n1676<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thomas Wannopp of Holm Ends\u00a0buried\u00a0 (Crosby parish)
\n1677<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Humphrey Wannop of Hayton\u00a0and Katherine Scott of Irthington married at Irthington
\n1680<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Christopher,\u00a0son of\u00a0Humphrey Wannop\u00a0baptised at Hayton-by-Brampton
\n1681<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Isabell Wannop\u00a0married Tho. Burtholme at Irthington
\n1682<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Maria, daughter of\u00a0Christopher Wannop\u00a0baptised at Crosby Upon EdenThomas,\u00a0son of\u00a0Humphrey Wannop of Newby\u00a0baptised at IrthingtonJonathon,\u00a0son of\u00a0Thomas Wannopp\u00a0baptised at Irthington
\n1683<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An indenture was made between\u00a0Humphrey Wannopp and Catherine Wannopp his wife ofIrthington\u00a0and John Gill of Great Corby in the parish of\u00a0Wetherall.
\n1685<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Johannes,\u00a0son of\u00a0Christopheri\u00a0baptised at Crosby on Eden.
\n1686<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Christopher Wannop\u00a0buried (Crosby parish).Charles,\u00a0son of\u00a0Thomas Wannopp\u00a0\u00a0baptised at Irthington.
\n1687<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Katherine,\u00a0daughter of\u00a0Humphrey\u00a0baptised at Irthington.Mary,\u00a0wife of\u00a0Thomas Wannopp\u00a0buried at Irthington.Charles,\u00a0son of\u00a0Christopherus Wannop\u00a0baptised at Crosby Upon Eden.
\n1688<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cumberland population was 60,000 to 65,000, rising to 117,000 in 1801 and growing at arather faster rate than for England and Wales.\u00a0Thomas Denton\u02bcs\u00a0\u02bbPerambulation ofCumberland\u02bc reported 345 inhabitants in Walton parish and 640 in Irthington, includingseveral freeholders. At Newtowne,\u00a0John Scot\u00a0had an estate but all others were customarytenants – as at Holmends and Crosbye. Whitehill belonged to the manor of Lanercost,whichwas for the most part pasturage but with diverse roe deer in the woody part of thedemesnethe Parke.
\n1689<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 John Wannopp of Newby\u00a0buried at Irthington.
\n1690<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thomas,\u00a0son of\u00a0Tho. Wannopp\u00a0baptised at Irthington.
\n1691<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thomas Wannop\u00a0buried at Irthington.
\n1696<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Howards of Corby remained Roman Catholic.
\n1700\u2019s<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Apparently three enclosures of arable fields in Cumberland, at Skelton,\u00a0Blencowardand Irthington (incl. Laversdale and Newby),the latter affecting 3,680 acres.
\n1730<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Probable arrival of potatoes in Cumberland.
\n1731<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Feb.. 18\u00a0 Christopher Wannop of Holmehouse purchased from Edward Atkinson\u00a0ofBrampton (?)\u2026\u2026. In Newby Holme at a place called Crabtree Dales\u2026.other\u00a0at a placecalled North Croft\u2026..rent for Moorhouse (?)
\n1738<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 September 29 On death of Charles, late Earl of Carlisle,\u00a0Christopher Wannop\u00a0paid fine dueas Ancient Customary Rent for a tenement at Nuby.November 8\u00a0Christopher Wannop\u00a0purchased land from Henry Gill.December 9\u00a0Christopher Wannop, younger, paid rents and fine for messuage andtenements in Little Corby.
\n1740<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Peak of real wages for agricultural labourers – a \u2018golden age\u2019.\u00a0 Real wages declinedthereafter to 1820\u2019s, after which they showed sustained tendency to rise.
\n1745<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prince Charles Edward Stuart marched south into England late in\u00a0the year,\u00a0pausing with hissupporting army at Brampton, putting siege to and capturing Carlisle before\u00a0moving onto Derby where his retreat began. The ragged residue of the forces\u00a0returned north byPenrith, before their defeat at\u00a0Culloden early in 1746.
\n1756<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Philip Howard of Corby (near Wetheral) was first in Cumberland to grow turnips andartificial grasses. Provided winter food for cattle\u00a0and stimulated growth of livestock farmingof\u00a0both sheep and cattle.
\n1760 -80<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Relatively little opposition to enclosures in Cumberland\u00a0and the\u00a0amounts of wastelandenclosed in this decade were:
\nFarlam 2,300 acres\u00a0 Irthington 3,679 acres Brampton, 2,000 acres
\n1781<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Great fall in wool prices following spread of Arkwright\u2019s water frame spinning-machine(patented in 1769).Late 1700\u2019s Cumberland had virtually no farms let on leases.
\n1801<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cumberland population rose by\u00a0 approximately a third between 1801\u00a0and 1821. Populationof England doubled in the first half of the century.
\n1809<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 English grain, meat and wool prices reached a general peak in 1809, thereafter declining toa trough around 1830. Poor harvests 1809-1812.
\n1815<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stress of Cumberland weavers became marked\u00a0 as wool\u2019s dominance\u00a0 was terminated by\u00a0cotton, mechanical spinning and loss of trade after the American war.\u00a0 Sharp rise inemigration to North America.
\n1826<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 At the cotton spinning factory at Langthwaite, Warwick Bridge,\u00a0weekly wages were 23shillings for good workmen, and 3 to 10 shillings for women and children,depending on age. Day labourers worked from 6 am to 7.30 pm.
\n1830<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fall in real wages brought Captain Swing riots amongst agricultural labourers in southernEngland.
\n1841<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The plight of handloom weavers in and around Carlisle had become\u00a0pitiful, following ahalving of wages since 1838. Lancashire was sucking textile manufacturing south to theburgeoning mills of the Industrial Revolution. Carlisle and\u00a0traditional northern weaving washard hit.
\n1850<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 New artificial fertilisers just coming on to the market, and together with more varied andintensive cropping this was the apogee of the conventional \u2018agricultural revolution\u2019. Around75 to 80% of land of England controlled by\u00a0 landlords on short term leases to tenantfarmers.
\n1851<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 51% of Cumberland agricultural occupiers employed labour.
\n1852<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Very wet autumn followed by two years of above average rain. Following this and theoutbreak of the Crimean War in 1853, prices\u00a0of grain, beef and mutton rose sharply. Muttonand wool prices\u00a0rose until mid 1860\u2019s.
\n1861<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Widespread decline in agricultural employment in England due to falling demand fromfarmers and by alternative job opportunities and \u00a0greater\u00a0mobility amongst younger men.
\n1862<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adam Wannop\u00a0\u00a0and his wife\u00a0Barbara\u00a0moved trom Hillfield Farm, Walton, to Little BlencowFarm,\u00a0 near Greystoke. With them moved three\u00a0 of their children –\u00a0Arthur, Mary\u00a0and\u00a0Ann -who were all born at Walton.\u00a0Ann\u00a0was christened at Walton\u00a0in May 1861,\u00a0 but she diedat Blencow in\u00a0 September 1863., thus dating the\u00a0family\u2019s move\u00a0 to somewhere in this periodof time.\u00a0Thomas, Arthur Robson Wannop\u2019s\u00a0father, was born at Blencow about 1865.The family move was made at a time of relative prosperity for sheep\u00a0 farming, prior to theharder times\u00a0 for agriculture\u00a0 starting in the mid 1870\u2019s.
\n1865<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mechanical hay and grain reapers had become effective.Severe outbreak of cattle plague (rinderpest) spread rapidly through\u00a0the country.
\n1867-1868<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Two years of drought,almost\u00a0 halving store sheep prices since three years before.
\n1870<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 27% of Cumberland farms were of over 100 acres.
\n1870-71<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 438-13-5 andincome\u00a0 \u00a3 446-6-1. Net income per acre(130 acres) \u00a30-1-2.
\n1871-72<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 454-6-8 andincome\u00a0 \u00a3 534-7-0. Net income per acre(130 acres) \u00a30-12-4.
\n1872-73<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 469-11-8 andincome\u00a0 \u00a3 625-13-9. Net income per acre(130 acres) \u00a31-4-0.
\n1873<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 General level of prosperity amongst farmers in England, but they were becoming worriedby the spread of union movement, of which Joseph Arch was the inspiration.There were 24,413 Lesser Yeomen in England and Wales, amongst 973,011 landownersfrom peers and peeresses to cottagers.
\n1873-74<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 549-16-5 andincome\u00a0 \u00a3 137-0-7. Net income per acre(130 acres) \u00a31-1-1.
\n1874<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lockouts of farmworkers in East Anglia.
\n1874-75<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 366-18-1 andincome\u00a0 \u00a3 647-7-6. Net income per acre(130 acres) \u00a3 2-3-1.
\n1875<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Start of a great twenty year depression in British agriculture, brought on by rising volume ofimports.Average earnings from agriculture in Britain reached a peak after a steep growth over thepreceeding 30 years. Earnings fell steeply\u00a0from this peak for ten years before they beganto slowly rise again. Rent of agricultural land in England and Wales also reached a peakaround 1875, subsiding up to 1900 when it bottomed out but failing to recover for manyyears.After a short lived recovery from a fall starting in mid 1860\u2019s, wool prices in England fellaway to barely 60% of their level of the average of the ten years before. However, muttonprices rose from 1868 to 1883.Wet autumn followed by abnormally heavy rainfall in winter of 1876-77 and spring of 1878began nearly three years of exceptional cold and wet. This began a generally hardfinancial decade for English farmers, but less so in the north west where grazing wasprevalent.\u00a0Area of grazing increased while area to wheat reduced. Cattle numbers grewbut sheep numbers reduced.
\n1875-76<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 602-11-6 and income\u00a0 \u00a3 644-17-0.Net income per acre(130 acres) \u00a3 0-6-6.\u00a096 fat sheep sold and 126 lambs bought .
\n1876-77<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 702-13-10 and income\u00a0 \u00a3 931-12-9.Net income per acre(130 acres) \u00a31-15-2. 135 fat sheep sold and 121 bought.
\n1877<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Last epidemic of cattle plague in England.
\n1877-78<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Little Blencow Farm accounts show expenditure \u00a3 698-13-0 and income\u00a0 \u00a3 794-4-11. Netincome per acre (130 acres) \u00a3 0-14-8. 104 fat sheep sold and 72 lambs bought. ( c.f. Inperiod 1865-68, one progressive demonstration farmer on 175 acres of Essex clay madean average profit of \u00a3440 pa, or \u00a32.50 to \u00a33.00 per acre. He kept 30-40 bullocks and about200 sheep. By estimate from sales of animals, Little Blencow may have stocked only abouthalf as many of\u00a0each.
\n1879<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Long and severe winter particularly disastrous to livestock,\u00a0 but Cumberland did not sufferas much excess of rain as south and east England, where gross return from an acre ofwheat fell to only half that of 1876.
\n1881-83<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Severe outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease cut sheep numbers in England by a fifth infour years.
\n1885<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The years 1885-95 became the \u02bbGreat Depression\u02bc in English farming. Arable areas hardesthit, but even in grazing counties the area to wheat halved in the next ten years,falling to athird that of 1875. Prices for meat, livestock and dairy products fell between 20and 50%.Main explanation lay in the rising tide of imports from Europe, North America, Australia andNew Zealand. The contribution of agriculture to national output fell from one-sixth in 1867-9to under one-tenth in 1890, and to under one-\ufb01fteenth by 1911-13. Rents in the north west felllittle, if at all, but collapsed in the arable areas of eastern and southern England. Land agentsfrom the south sought new tenants from the north.Sheaf binders had become wellestablished.
\n1894<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sharp fall in meat prices when severe drought \u00a0followed a dry 1893. A 30 year increase incattle numbers came to a halt before rising again in the first decade of the 20th. Century.Big shift towards dairying.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

400\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0British kingdom of Strathclyde. Blencow is Celtic name in origin (blaen is Celtic; alsoCumbrian counterpart of Welsh pen , as in Penrith ). 410\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0End of Roman rule in Britain, but many Roman soldiers and their families remained onHadrian\u2019s Wall as subsistence farmers. 450\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Angles from Schleswig Holstein began to settle in north and east England and\u00a0had … Continue reading “Wannops in a Cumberland and Northumberland Context”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-23","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":244,"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23\/revisions\/244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wannop.info\/WAN\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}